The focus of the paper is the value added tax, which as a tax form has gained enormous popularity and application in a large number of countries in a relatively short period of time. Many problems of political, economic and legal nature are connected with its essence and existence. The internationalization of companies' operations at the global level has highlighted the need to create unique guidelines for VAT policy-making within the Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC), which should contribute to the elimination of distortive segments of national VAT systems. Likewise, integration processes and globalization have influenced a kind of regionalization and globalization of taxation goals, and thus the principles of taxation. The fact that in less than fifty years, the value added tax of the tax form, which experts in the field of tax policy welcomed with great distrust, has become a tax that collects a significant percentage of total tax revenues, speaks volumes about the desirability of this form of tax.
Copyright (c) 2026 Anja Gligić Savić (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
SPECIAL WAYS OF SETTLING LIABILITIES TO BENEFICIARIES OF PUBLIC FUNDS
In their business, public sector entities have business cycles that are constantly circulating and thus lead to growth and development. In order for business cycles to be closed, ie to create opportunities for starting a new cycle, working capital necessary for work must be provided. Usually, the sale of products secures receivables that are later converted into money and thus represent the basis of a new business cycle. On the other hand, the company's obligations must be settled in order to create the balance necessary for business. In addition to this usual way of closing the cycle, it is sometimes not possible to close the business cycle in this way, so alternative (special) ways of settling liabilities or collecting receivables are resorted to. These special ways are various, but we will focus on: compensation, assignment, cession.
Copyright (c) 2026 Radoja Janjetović (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The role and place of financial factors in a specific social activity is determined in a compromise conflict. There are two requirements: to achieve a definite goal with a minimum of financial investments. That is why the government of every country is obliged to, on the one hand, consider the economic situation and plan development of the country, and on the other hand, enable optimal execution of missions and tasks of the executive branch. Therefore, logically, there is a need for the greatest responsibility of those who are authorized to dispose of and use state funds, as in all state bodies. Establishment of a modern system of management and disposal of budget funds is not possible without managers and professional bodies. At the same time, it is necessary to establish such control mechanisms, which will continuously monitor and direct all processes in financial and material operations, but also such types of control, which will be able to detect and prevent illegalities and misuse of budget funds.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ljubiša Todorović (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE IMPORTANCE OF EDUCATION AS A SOCIAL ACTIVITY
The paper deals with a complex segment of education and training in the context of the requirements set by the modern integrated concept of continuous preparation and lifelong training of employees to perform current and future jobs and tasks. The content, importance and scope of education and training are explained and the basic factors as well as the requirements expressed in the education strategy that must be taken into account in planning, defining, implementing and evaluating the educational process are identified. Particular emphasis is placed on all those requirements that represent a novelty in the concept of knowledge management as well as the educational process itself and that bring a substantial difference and qualitative improvement compared to the traditional concept. Through the presentation of a complete new concept, some concrete solutions for improvements in the education and training system are given, which will enable meeting as many requirements and needs of practice as possible and thus create preconditions for investing in knowledge to become an investment in the future.
Copyright (c) 2026 Boško Nadoveza (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
It has long been known that taxpayers and tax authorities are entities with conflicting interests. That is why each of them strives to shape the tax balance, and when a company does that, there is tax evasion. In this case, it can take both legal and illegal forms. It is of great importance to understand the causes of evasion, its consequences, as well as to develop awareness of the importance of respecting the norms of tax law for society as a whole.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ljubiša Stanojević (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PUBLIC TENDER CONTRACTS - AUDIT APPROACH
The revision of the contract may be performed as part of another audit or as a separate audit. Auditors usually do not have enough experience in this area. The approach to contract review is similar to that of other types of audit. This type of audit also requires the determination of audit objectives, the identification and examination of internal controls, the testing of data details and their evaluation, and the reporting of audit findings.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zdenka Vidovič, Đorđe Vujović (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CONSEQUENCES OF DISAGREEMENT OF OPINION OF ADMINISTRATIVE BODIES AND POSITIONS OF ADMINISTRATIVE COURT
Property taxes are a type of public revenue that, in terms of generosity, represents a significant budget revenue. When it comes to this type of tax, it is necessary to have real estate to which they directly refer, without taking into account the personality and economic strength of the person to whom the tax liability is determined, and therefore fall into real taxes. In more developed countries, property taxes are a significant public revenue and their share in total public revenues is higher than in underdeveloped countries, where consumption taxes are the most important source of budget revenue. Thus, in Great Britain, Luxembourg, Canada and France, this type of tax participates with over 8% in total public revenues.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zoran Vasić (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
JUDICIAL SYSTEM IN TRANSITIONAL ECONOMIES
The transition from socialism to capitalism in Central and Eastern Europe to the Baltic states or the Commonwealth of Independent States requires a fundamental reorientation of legal and judicial institutions. Most of the legal structure in these countries consisted of administrative law and institutions including state arbitration. The transition from socialism to capitalism requires dramatic changes in legal and judicial institutions, greater independence from state power, new roles and abilities of judges, prosecutors and lawyers, and rapid strengthening of institutional capacity to resolve legal cases efficiently and effectively.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ana Koprivica (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PUBLIC DEBT AS AN INSTRUMENT OF AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
Financial balance in the public sector represents the relationship between public expenditures (meeting public needs) on the one hand and public revenues (funds to meet related needs) on the other. This relationship is primarily reflected in meeting the needs of society. Fiscal action on economic development is reflected in the mobilization of accumulation potential, in the stimulation of technical progress and the application of the results of scientific research, in the development of agriculture and the application of new knowledge. There is a consensus that budget expenditures play a significant role in boosting economic growth. It is necessary to point out that every obligation of the state is not a public debt, and from that aspect it is necessary to make a connection between the public loan and the public debt. In order to meet the growing public needs than state revenues, the necessary funds are obtained from the public loan.
Copyright (c) 2026 Miloš Miljković (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
LEGAL REGULATION OF INVENTORY IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR
Given that the annual inventory of assets and liabilities of users of public funds is one of the basic obligations, the subject of this paper is the legal regulation of inventory in the public sector. All actions and procedures related to the annual inventory of assets and liabilities mainly relate to users of public funds who submit the annual financial report in accordance with the Regulation on Budget Accounting.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ilija Galjak (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
LEGAL ANALYSIS OF THE IMPORTANCE OF TAX CONTROL FOR THE BUDGET
alue added tax is an all-phase consumption tax, which is calculated and paid at each stage of turnover in the Republic and upon import. In all phases in which the economy can find itself, regardless of whether it is facing a conjuncture, prosperity or crisis, the area of tax policy also encounters specific problems brought about by such an economic environment. The tax specifics of control are of exceptional importance for the budget, and in this regard, the normative regulation requires elaboration through a number of bylaws.
THE ROLE OF CREDIT IN MODERN LEGAL SYSTEMS
The role of credit, that is, the credit system in the capitalist economy is very complex and multifaceted. We have already said something about loans as an essential feature of the entire system of production under capitalism. We have seen that modern credit gradually developed and branched out more and more, creating different forms of credit relations, which are of crucial importance for the functioning of the entire economic mechanism. Here, it is understood, we cannot analyze all aspects of the complex credit system and credit relations, but only the basic characteristics and more important functions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dalibor Krstić, Bojan Brajković (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
LEGAL ANALYSIS OF THE SYSTEM OF VOLUNTARY PENSION FUNDS
The system of voluntary pension funds started functioning on April 1, 2006. years. This system is an additional pension insurance based on voluntary membership, investment risk distribution and asset accumulation. It is implemented through voluntary private pension funds. An employer, employers' association, professional association or trade union can conclude a pension plan with a management company in order to pay pension contributions for the account of its employees or members. The field of voluntary pension funds and pension plans is regulated by the Law on Voluntary Pension Funds and Pension Plans1. Jurisdiction over this part of the pension system is divided between the Ministry of Finance, the National Bank of Serbia, which supervises the work of the company for the management of voluntary pension funds, maintains the Register of voluntary pension funds and, together with the Ministry of Labour, Employment, Veterans and Social Affairs, adopts by-laws for the implementation of the Law on Voluntary Pension Funds and Pension Plans.
Copyright (c) 2026 Slobodan Andžić, Vladan Vladisavljević (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
With the advent of globalization, world economies are connected, which has caused the expansion of trade in goods, services and capital. Businesses became more competitive and this implied that their approach to the production of goods and services became more efficient and innovative in order to be more competitive. The functioning of the company then exceeds the possibilities of the owner himself and there is a separation of the function of ownership and management, and this is exactly where managers come into play. In accordance with global developments, they are under pressure to achieve the highest possible rate of profit for their owners. In order to succeed in this, that is, in order to manage the company in the best possible way, managers must handle timely and quality information. This information is partly provided by accrual accounting. Shortly before globalization, which began a huge expansion at the end of the 50s of the last century, the Great Depression took place, i.e. the biggest economic crisis that the world has known and which, according to many, was brought about by the great liberalization and deregulation of the market. After that crisis, the state increases its economic influence and importance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Branilsav Nikolić, Vladica Tasić, Miljan Petrović (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
NEW CONCEPT OF FOREIGN POLICY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The concept of the foreign policy of a country, especially of a great power such as the Russian Federation, is one of the most important documents for the work of that country, especially in the field of foreign policy and defense. In this time of extremely fast and dynamic, even turning points in world geopolitics, this kind of document calls for special attention. This is emphasized by the fact that the Russian Federation is one of the main carriers of the current creation of a multipolar world. Today's direct and covert conflict between the Republic of China and the Russian Federation with the "collective West" led by the USA through direct contact in Ukraine and various economic protectionist measures makes this concept even more important not only for the Russian Federation but also beyond.
Copyright (c) 2026 Žikica Bardžić (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF NEGOTIABILITY AS A LEGAL-ECONOMIC CATEGORY
What theoretical means and methods can be used to explain the phenomenon of dematerialization of securities? It is characteristic of securities that they represent, to a greater or lesser extent, depending on their type, transferable documents. Since these are documents that can be dematerialized, here we have tried to show the genesis of the incorporation and the consequent principles of securities that come from the application of this institute, with a consequent view of their disappearance or change as a consequence of the loss of the material holder of rights in circulation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dejan Gojkov (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
TREATMENT CONTRACT IN THE GERMAN CIVIL CODE
Following the entry into force of the Law on the Improvement of Patients' Rights, the treatment contract becomes an integral part of the German Čivil Čode. The provisions relating to the contract of treatment are contained in Article 630 (a-x) of the German Čivil Čode. The treatment contract, ie Article 630 (a-x) of the German Čivil Čode, is the subject of the author's attention in this paper.
Copyright (c) 2026 Milan Ječmenić, Bekir Dudić (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE POST-SOCIALIST TRANSITION IN COUNTRIES OF CENTRAL AND SOUTHEAST EUROPE
At the end of the nineties of the 20th century, the socialist countries of Central and Southeastern Europe faced the collapse of the centrally-planned economic system, but also territorial and political disintegrations that led to the creation of new states. The basic economic problem that led to the aforementioned phenomena is the rigidity of the existing system to respond to the modern challenges of the global environment and new needs within the countries themselves. This resulted in a deep economic, social and political crisis arising from the need for market-oriented reforms that could not be implemented within the framework of a centrally-planned economy. The elements of the crisis were reflected in the increase of internal and external debt, hyperinflation, corruption, high unemployment and macroeconomic instability, the elimination of which has become the primary goal of former socialist countries that are on the way to market economies, called countries in transition.
Copyright (c) 2026 Bogdan Ilić, Nebojša Praća, Snežana Lazić (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
There are numerous needs that are financed through funds created in the state budget. It is a general characteristic that within the budget expenditures of the state, a very significant item, both in terms of its basis and the nature of the needs that are met, is the expenditure for financing the army. The very method of defense financing must ensure and continuously maintain a high level of readiness of budget users to carry out the tasks set by the highest legal act of a country. Solutions between big needs and small opportunities are sought and found in saving resources, starting from planning, financing and executing the plan.
Copyright (c) 2026 Stevo Škrbić, Suzana Malešić, Dejan Gojkov (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
IMPROVING THE OPERATION OF THE INFORMATION SYSTEM THROUGH DATABASE OPTIMIZATION
Optimal database performance contributes to better resource utilization, ensuring that hardware and infrastructure investments are maximized. This means cost savings and a higher return on investment. Furthermore, simplified database operations free up valuable computing resources, allowing businesses to focus on innovation, product development and gaining a competitive advantage. In this paper, we will go over ways to improve database performance. By applying these techniques, businesses can speed up their applications, reduce downtime, and provide their users with an unparalleled experience that fosters loyalty and drives success in today's highly competitive marketplace.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nikola Milenković, Miloš Radosavljević (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The foundations of the Marxist theory of society were laid by the classics of Marxism, Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich Engels (1820-1895). Considering the breadth of issues they dealt with, their teaching is not strictly legal, but simultaneously includes philosophical, economic and political revolutionary issues. The classics of Marxism did not develop a complete sociological system, but their understandings of man, society and historical development allow insight into the rounded whole that makes up the theory of society.
Copyright (c) 2026 Slavko Vukša (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CHARACTERISTICS OF OBJECTS OF LAW AND THE STATE
Objects of law represent an important item for both the private and the public sector. Observing the relationship in which the subjects of law enter into the objects of law requires knowledge of the types and characteristics of the objects of law that can be encountered in one legal system. The success of the agents of legal relations also depends on the knowledge of the term state, even though concrete real legal relations are excluded from it, but it is very often encountered as an agent of legal relations.
BUDGETARY AND LEGAL ANALYSIS OF DEFENSE EXPENDITURE FINANCING
The budget in a modern parliamentary state has a central place in the financial system and is a very important instrument in the distribution or redistribution of the social product. The state budget is a kind of annual income and expenditure plan of the state and its bodies. It is based on a series of principles, principles and functions of a fiscal, monetary, financial, economic, legal, political and social nature. It is characteristic that within the budget expenditures of the state, a very significant item, both in terms of its basis and the nature of the needs that are met, is defense expenditures.
Copyright (c) 2026 Stevo Škrbić, Bojan Obrić (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MANAGEMENT AS AN ACTOR OF FOREIGN TRADE POLICY
Import regulation includes the application of various instruments and measures with multiple objectives, including protection of the domestic economy from competition, influence on the supply and demand relationship on the domestic market, collection of funds for the state budget, influence on the economic structure of the country and the organization of imports and exports in accordance with national goals. The application of these instruments depends on the specific objectives of the import policy and other aspects of the foreign trade policy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Milenko Zupur (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PROFESSIONAL STANDARDS AND CODE OF ETHICS OF STATE AUDITING
Due to the necessary existence of different types of audit, state audit has also developed, which is why a large number of definitions for it appear in professional and scientific literature. In the Republic of Serbia, audit is defined by legal acts, which directs its activity to the audit of public expenditures, public enterprises and budget institutions, i.e. the audit of financial statements of public enterprises and institutions. There is a consensus among domestic and foreign authors about the existence of several types of audit. They agree that there are several divisions of audit, depending on the classification criteria. This paper covers the specifics of state audit based on the normative regulations of the International Standards on Auditing, as well as the ethical standards that state auditors must adhere to.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dejan Gojkov, Bojan Obrić (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EMERGENCE, LEGAL PLURALISM AND APPLICATION OF LEGAL NORMS
Creation of law is the first stage of a unique legal process, it is first created, then interpreted and finally applied. Law creation methods are legally technical procedures by means of which social relations are given legal form. Legal form or form is everything that law adds to ordinary, nonlegal reality in order to turn it into legal reality. The main tasks and properties of legally technical methods are clarity, precision and flexibility of legal norms. Clarity means immediate comprehensibility. Precision is closely related to clarity. They must be precise in order to accurately determine the behavior of the subjects. Flexibility means their kind of flexibility, adaptability to specific life cases and their changeability.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ana Jovanović, Snežana Lazić (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
LEGAL REGULATION OF THE JOURNALIST PROFESSION
The journalism profession plays a key role in the functioning of democracy, because the media serve as a channel for the free expression of opinions and provide citizens with access to information. Legal regulation of journalism is essential for ensuring media freedom, protecting journalists and preserving the integrity of journalistic work. This paper investigates the legal framework that defines the rights and responsibilities of journalists in Serbia, analyzing domestic laws, as well as relevant international normative acts related to freedom of expression and protection of journalists. In addition, the work deals with the challenges that journalists face in practice, including political pressure, violence, selfcensorship, and the analysis of ethical issues in the journalistic profession. Special emphasis was placed on the analysis of existing legislation and proposals for improving the legal framework with the aim of creating better conditions for the work of journalists and preserving media freedom. Through the research of legal and ethical aspects of journalism, the work provides a comprehensive overview of the current state and advantages of legal regulation of the journalism profession.
Copyright (c) 2026 Slađana Ostojić, Igor Marković, Zoran Veličković, Valentina Jovanović (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Historical types of society are described as socio-economic formations. They are determined by the same economic structure, that is, the method of production, the form of class division, political-legal organization and spiritual culture. The classics of Marxism presented their theoretical and practically oriented understandings in numerous independent or joint works. Whether it was a critique of Hegel's philosophy or a "Critique of Political Economy", as the subtitle of Marx's greatest work "Capital" reads, it included elements of a radical change in social reality through a revolutionary transformation of social relations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Slavko Vukša, Aleksandar Milanović (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
LEGAL ENVIRONMENT OF COMPANY LIQUIDATION
The liquidation of a company is one of the ways prescribed by law to terminate a company, which is carried out in situations where the company is not over-indebted and when there are sufficient funds to settle obligations to creditors. Within this work, the legal environment of the liquidation of companies in the broadest sense is presented, with special emphasis on the regulations governing the legal position of companies that make a profit. Through theoretical and practical processing, we focused our attention on the importance of the correct application of legal procedures in order to effectively close business entities while preserving legal certainty in business transactions. It also analyzes the difference between liquidation and bankruptcy proceedings, as well as relevant case law and comparative solutions from European law.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dejan Gojkov, Ivan Milojević (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
LEARNING ABOUT SOCIETY IN ANCIENT GREECE AND ROME
A more complete understanding of the views and teachings about society that arose in the period of Ancient Greece is possible in the context of looking at the socio-historical conditions that allowed critical thought to come to the fore even then. Greek civilization arose much later than those of the Near and Far East. The period that is taken as particularly significant in Greek social thought is from the 5th century BC, regardless of the fact that the famous Mycenaean civilization existed several centuries earlier.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ana Jovanović, Vladimir Marinković (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0